MENOPAUSE MYTHS AND FACTS
With so much information about menopause circulating, it can be hard to separate fact from fiction. Here, we address common myths about menopause and provide clear, evidence-based answers.
Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) has been proven to be effective in treating menopausal symptoms and reducing the risk of long-term diseases, including osteoporosis and heart disease.
Fact: The benefits of MHT often outweigh the risks, but an individual assessment is essential. There is an increased risk of breast cancer associated with factors such as being overweight, lack of exercise, and alcohol consumption. Oestrogen-only MHT has little or no effect on breast cancer risk, while combined MHT (oestrogen and progestogen) may slightly increase risk with long-term use. However, the risk decreases after stopping MHT.
Fact: While the average age for menopause in Australia is 51, it can start earlier or later. Women in their mid-40s often enter perimenopause, which can last 4 to 7 years. Additionally, around 4% and 12% of women experience menopause before age 40 and 45, respectively.
Fact: Taking MHT before your periods stop helps to relieve symptoms and reduce the risk of long-term conditions such as heart disease, osteoporosis dementia and colon cancer. The main concern is the risk of abnormal uterine bleeding if the ovaries are still producing oestrogen as the endometrium thickens due to the oestrogen in the MHT and the ovarian contribution. Unlike the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), MHT does not "switch off" the ovaries.
Fact: MHT is not a form of contraception. Women should continue using contraception for at least two years after their last period if menopause occurs before age 50, and for one year if after age 50. Blood tests can help determine when it’s safe to stop contraception.
Fact: The symptoms of menopause or perimenopause are typically sufficient to indicate that you have begun the menopausal transition. If you experience menopausal symptoms along with a year without periods, this confirms menopause. Blood tests are not usually required, as levels of FSH and LH begin to rise several years before the last menstrual period. However, blood tests are important if early menopause or premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is suspected.
Fact: Unlike MHT, complementary or natural therapies are not thoroughly researched and are not proven to be safe. The main issue is that of the exact dose and hence the effect is not accurately known.
Fact: Weight gain during menopause is more likely due to ageing and changes in metabolism rather than MHT. Hormonal shifts can lead to fat redistribution, especially around the abdomen, but MHT itself is not the cause of significant weight gain.
Fact: Research has shown that MHT is both a safe and effective way to treat symptoms of menopause in women within 10 years of natural menopause. The need for continuing MHT should be individualised and reassessed annually.
Fact: Menopause is not an illness. It is simply a phase of life for over half of the world’s population. Not everyone requires MHT. Around 20% of women have minimal symptoms, 60% mild to moderate and 20% severe.
Fact: Studies show that healthy women younger than 60, or those within 10 years of starting menopause, can safely use MHT without significantly increasing their risk of heart attack or stroke. However, individual risk factors should always be considered.
Fact: Perimenopause can begin with persistent changes in cycle length, defined by the STRAW +10 criteria as differences of seven or more days between consecutive cycles. Women experiencing symptoms attributed to perimenopause without changes in cycle length should be evaluated for other diagnoses. These criteria do not apply to women who have had a hysterectomy, endometrial ablation, or who use hormonal contraception.
Fact: While MHT is the most effective treatment, there are non-hormonal options available for managing menopausal symptoms for those who cannot or choose not to take MHT.
Fact: Although the profile of MHT and its benefits has risen, there is insufficient evidence to recommend MHT for the primary prevention of chronic disease in women who do not have symptoms.
Fact: While many women manage their symptoms well, about 25% experience moderate to severe symptoms that can benefit from medical intervention. All midlife women should undergo assessments for chronic diseases and receive lifestyle advice, regardless of the severity or frequency of menopausal symptoms.